Andres Bonifacio: The Betrayal of a Hero
Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, the father of Philippine Revolution and Philippine Democracy, was executed by firing squad by Gen Lazaro Makapagal and four other soldiers at Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon, Cavite on May 10, 1897. Who ordered the execution? Read the article and find out.
According to Teodoro A Agoncillo and Milagros C Guerrero in the “History of the Filipino People,” the katipuneros gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood. They vowed to liberate the Philippines from the tyranny of Spanish friars and civil guards through force of arms.
Under Bonifacio’s leadership, the Katipunan had three objectives: civic, moral, and political. The civic aim revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed. The moral goal was for hygiene, good morals, good manners, and attacking obscurantism and religious fanaticism. The political objective was separation from Spain through force of arms.
On August 23, 1896, at the yard of Juan Ramos y Aquino, the son of Melchora Ramos y Aquino, also known as Tandang Sora and considered as the Mother of the Katipunan, in Pugadlawin, Balintawak, now Quezon City, Bonifacio asked his fellow katipuneros whether they were prepared to fight to the bitter end. Despite the objection of Teodoro Plata, his brother in law, all katipuneros agreed to fight for freedom until their last breath. He then led his men in tearing their cedulas as a symbol of their determination to take up arms and to defy the Spanish colonial government. As the men torn their cedulas, they shouted, “Long live the Philippines!”
On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio and his men, fought the first battle of the Philippine Revolution. Leading 800 katipuneros, Bonifacio attacked a gunpowder storehouse in San Juan del Monte, now Pinaglabanan in the City of San Juan. The storehouse was an important military post of the Spanish army, but it was only defended by a hundred men. Outnumbered, the Spaniards retreated to El Deposito, the place where they stored water supply for Intramuros in Manila. Encouraged by the retreat of the Spaniards, Bonifacio and his men advanced toward Manila where they met an army of Spanish soldiers sent by Governor General Ramon Blanco. Bonifacio and his men were driven to Mandaluyong where more than 150 katipuneros died and another 200 others were captured.
Months later, the Katipunan was divided into two revolutionary groups: the Magdiwangs, which was headed by Bonifacio and the Magdalos, which was headed by Gen Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. To resolve the issue whether the Katipunan should be superseded by another government, a revolutionary assembly was conducted in Barrio Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, now General Trias, Cavite on March 22, 1897. With Bonifacio as chairman, the assembly agreed that a central revolutionary government should be established to replace the Katipunan. He then reluctantly presided over the election and secured the unanimous decision of the assembly to abide by the decision of the majority. General Aguinaldo was elected president although he was absent because he was at the military front in Pasong Santol, now Barangay Anabu II, in Imus, Cavite. The Magdiwangs who were supposed to support Bonifacio did not even vote for him for president or vice president. Instead, Bonifacio was elected director of the interior.
However, Daniel Tirona, General Aguinaldo patron, challenged Bonifacio’s election, saying that Bonifacio’s position must not be occupied by a non-lawyer and that he was incapable of performing the duties and responsibilities of his position. Tirona nominated lawyer Jose del Rosario of Cavite to fill up the position.
Bonifacio furiously said, “We agreed to abide by the majority vote and accept its choice no matter what the station in life of the person elected. And because of this, I demand from you, Mr Daniel Tirona, an apology. You must restore to the voters and the one they elected the honor you have only now besmirched.” He then pulled out his revolver and took aim to Tirona.
Instead of replying, Tirona slid away and got lost in the crowd. Disorder ensued as Artemio Ricarte, the convention secretary, tried to disarm Bonifacio. Deeply hurt and insulted, Bonifacio declared: “I, as [the] chairman of this assembly and as [the] President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved.”
The following day, Bonifacio and his men met again in Barrio Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon and drafted the Acta de Tejeros where they expressed their reasons for invalidating the results of the Tejeros Convention. They believed that the Magdalos manipulated the election though all officers elected, except General Aguinaldo, were Magdiwang members.
From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men moved to Naic, Cavite as far as possible from the Magdalos. President Aguinaldo sent him a letter requesting him to cooperate with the new revolutionary government. Bonifacio denied Aguinaldo’s request and refused to collaborate with him. The purposes of Bonifacio reached Aguinaldo, and on April 15, 1897, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio for alleged treason and sedition.
On April 20, 1897, Bonifacio repudiated President Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government through the Naic Military Agreement that reasserted his leadership of the Katipunan and that drafted a revolutionary army and government independent from President Aguinaldo. Among the 41 signatories were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Artemio Ricarte, Gen Mariano Noriel, and Gen Pio del Pilar as commander in chief. Later, General Noriel and General Del Pilar switched to General Aguinaldo’s side.
Bonifacio and his men left Naic for Barrio Limbon in the nearby town of Indang in Cavite. On April 26, 1897, Bonifacio was arrested by Col Agapito Bonson and Maj Jose Ignacio Paua, two loyal officers of President Aguinaldo, the latter being his brother in law. Bonifacio and his men fought back, and Ciriaco, one of his two brothers, was killed. Bonifacio himself was shot in his left arm. Major Paua jumped at Bonifacio and stabbed the left side of his neck with a dagger. From Indang, a wounded and half-starved Bonifacio was carried by hammock to Naic, where President Aguinaldo established his headquarters.
Tried by the Council of War, which was presided by General Noriel, in Maragondon, Cavite, Bonifacio and his brother were found “guilty” of the crimes of treason and sedition, of attempting a counter-revolution, and of trying to overthrow President Aguinaldo and his revolutionary government. On May 8, 1897, Bonifacio and his brother were sentenced to death by execution though they were not given a fair trial to defend themselves. President Aguinaldo changed the sentence from execution to banishment, but General Noriel pressured him to revoke his order and to proceed with the execution. Noriel explained that if Bonifacio and his brother would live, they would disrupt the unity of the revolutionary government.
On May 10, 1897, Gen Lazaro Makapagal and four other soldiers moved Bonifacio and his brother from a jail in Maragondon upon the order of General Noriel who him a sealed letter with strict order to read it only after reaching Mount Nagpatong in Maragondon, Cavite. When the five soldiers and the Bonifacio brothers reached Mount Nagpatong, General Makapagal read the sealed letter, ordering him to execute the two brothers by firing squad. Makapagal complied with General Noriel’s command, and the two brothers were shot to death. Using their bolos and bayonets, the soldiers dug a shallow grave, and after covering the corpses with twigs and weeds, they hurriedly left to escape the Spanish troops who were then patrolling nearby.
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49 Comments
Jo, posted this comment on Jun 10th, 2008
Congratulations for a factual narration of the history. I hope historians will write in this manner. They should provide us with the truth in order to enlighten us.
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 10th, 2008
Jo, thank you very much for your very heart-warming comments. Also, thank you very much for reading my article. Cheers!
kabotage, posted this comment on Jun 13th, 2008
thanks for sharing a great narration of history sir. Bonifacio was the first president as far as i know. Your a journalist and wrote 2 books, i saw it on google. thanks!
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 21st, 2008
Kabotage, thank you very much for reading my article. I got the following article in Filmag, May 12, 1997, p. 18. You might want to read it:
SINO ANG UNANG PRESIDENTE NG PILIPINAS?
May mga historyador na naniniwalang dapat ituwid ang kasaysayan ng Filipinas at kilalanin si Andres Bonifacio, isa sa tagapagtatag ng Katipunan, bilang presidente ng Unang Republika.
Noong Agosto 24, 1896 itinatag in Bonifacio ang isang rebolusyonaryong pamahalaan.
Bago magkadigma, maraming historyador ang kumilalakay Bonifacio at sa kanyang gobyerno.
Ayon kay John R M Taylor, Amerikanong military historian at tagapag-ingat ng Philippine Insurgent Records, and Kataastaasang Kapulungan ng Katipunan ay isinaayos ni Bonifacio bilang insurgent government of the Philippines.
Kinilala rin ni Gregorio F Zaide ang rebolusyonaryong gobyerno ni Bonifacio. Gayundin ang naging palagay nina Teodoro Agoncillo, Jose P Bantung, at Jose P Santos.
Sa isang artikulo tungkol sa Rebolusyong 1896 na nalathala sa La Illustracion Española y Americana, ang larawan ni [Andres] Bonifacio ay kinilalang Titulado Presidente de la Republica Tagala.
Panahon na para baguhin ang aklat-pangkasaysayan at kilalanin si Bonifacio bilang unang presidente ng Filipinas.
Vicson Aypa Mabanglo, posted this comment on Jun 21st, 2008
Thank you for sharing a bit fact about our history.
Sir, did I understand the article correctly? Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo is the one to blame for Andres Bonifacio’s execution? Am I right?
I thought that the rumor, about Gen. Emilio Agunaldo as one of the main cause of Andres Bonifacio’s execution, was not true. I was exposed to this rumor since I was grade 5. I remember the time when my teacher in history, Sir Michael Cabrera, taught as that confusing fact. Gen. Aguinaldo is a traitor, therefore. Am I right, sir? I can’t accept the fact that they, as members of the same historical group of Katipunan, were actually not cooperating with each other. Emilo Aguinaldo, if I’m not mistaken, is a low-quality type of general ( pardon to the supporters of Gen Emilo Aguinaldo ). He envied so much about the leadership of Bonifacio. I guess, if both of them had helped each other, we should have gained the independence from the Spaniards earlier. I guess, though it sounds a bit hurting, we, Filipino people have really the characteristic of “crab mentality”. Speechless.
Sir, again, thank you for those data and information. It liberated me from the clutches of ignorance. It cleared my mind from a question that was stacked for a long period of time. Thank you sir.
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 22nd, 2008
Actually, Gen Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy run against President Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina in the 1935 Presidential Election, but he lost because of the Andres Bonifacio y De Castro controversy. He was later advised not to run for any political office because of it. For more information, read Dr Isagani R Medina’s Heroes of the Revolution: Andres Bonifacio at http://www.bakbakan.com/heroes.html
Thank you very much for reading my article. Please share it. Cheers!
gregsonedd, posted this comment on Jun 23rd, 2008
sir, can i post your article in my blog? http://gregsonedd.multiply.com
I’m really one big big history fan and idolizes bonifacio’s ideals.
Marian Denise Glipo Basallote, posted this comment on Jun 24th, 2008
Sir, your article is truly an interesting one. I believe that it is one of the most controversial issues our country has ever faced. Until this time, I do hear a lot about the same controversy regarding Andres Bonifacio. There was even a time when I had found out that others, if asked about their opinions, would have wanted Bonifacio as our national hero.
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 24th, 2008
Hi, gregsonedd, yes, you may post my article in your blog but using only the following:
ANDRES BONIFACIO: THE BETRAYAL OF A HERO
By Alixander Haban Escote
Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, the father of Philippine Revolution and Philippine Democracy, was executed to death by firing squad by Gen Lazaro Makapagal and four other soldiers at Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon, Cavite on May 10, 1897. But, who ordered the execution? Read the article and find out.
Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, born in Tondo, Manila on November 30, 1863 to Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro and married to Gregoria de Jesus, the Lakambini of the Katipunan, is the father of the Philippine Revolution and Philippine Democracy.
Bonifacio founded the premiere crusader of the Philippine Independence, the “Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” (Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People) or the Katipunan at a house in Calle Azcarraga, now Claro Mayo Recto Street, in Tondo, Manila, on the night of July 7, 1892, the night when Dr Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda, the national hero of the Philippines, was deported to Dapitan, now City of Dapitan, in Zamboanga Del Norte. Together with Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata, Bonifacio formed the first triangle of the Katipunan. With them were Jose Dizon, Valentin Diaz, Pio Valenzuela, Deodato Arellano, and Emilio Jacinto, who served as Bonifacio’s secretary and adviser on fiscal matters.
According to Dr Teodoro A Agoncillo in the “History of the Filipino People,” the katipuneros gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood. They vowed to liberate the Philippines from the tyranny of Spanish friars and civil guards through force of arms.
Continue reading the article at http://www.quazen.com/Reference/Biography/Andres-Bonifacio-The-Betrayal-of-a-Hero.111603
You may also visit http://philippineartsandculture.blogspot.com/search/label/PERSONALITIES where you can obtain a picture or two of Andres Bonifacio that you may use, acknowledging, of course, the source just like what I did.
Also, thank you very much for visiting our blog and thank you for reading my article. I hope you learn something. Cheers!
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 24th, 2008
Marian, thank you very much for your very warm comments. Unfortunately, I am not a big Andres Bonifacio fan. I like Dr Jose P Rizal better than him. However, you may want to read Renato Constantino’s Veneration Without Understanding, which was delivered during the Third National Rizal Lecture on December 30, 1969.
Marie Juliebeth Monge, posted this comment on Jun 25th, 2008
Sir, this article is very intriguing and at the same time, it is interesting. It is such a shame that some people would go to as far as killing others just to get the so-called “POWER”. Come to think of it, it is not only practiced in Andres Bonifacio’s time, its happening also in our generation.
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 26th, 2008
Jeb, remember that General Emilo Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government upon the recommendation of Apolinario Mabini. I think that explains the situation during that time.
Anyways, thank you for dropping by. Cheers!
Vladimir Paat Villegas, posted this comment on Jun 26th, 2008
This article is very detailed. When I studied in elementary, all I knew about Bonifacio was that he was betrayed by his own associates in KKK. But for those who are still curious enough, I would just like to suggest reading “Bonifacio’s Bolo” by Ambeth Ocampo. For some other heroes’ opinions about Bonifacio, I would like to suggest “Rizal Without the Overcoat” by Ambeth Ocampo.
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 26th, 2008
Vladimir, for a more detailed readings about Andres Bonifacio y De Castro, look for Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures, and about Dr Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda, Meaning and History: The Rizal Lectures, both written by Ambeth R Ocampo. Cheers!
(JOEBACS) Joeromer Bacus, posted this comment on Jun 30th, 2008
Thank you Sir Alixander! My history teacher told us about the betrayal of Bonifacio but it wasnt that clear as what you have posted. The reason why Ive found this page coz im doing a research for a national hero. I’m a fan of war/revolutionary movies like Patriot, Enemy at the gates, the pianist, Schindler’s list, and Micheal Collins. I am hoping that someday a filipino film maker will be inspired to create a world class movie (Bonifacio)and we can share your it to the world our history and it will inspires our filipino youth as well. Your info is so useful! Mabuhay tayo mga Filipino!
Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 30th, 2008
Hi, Joeromer, thank you very much for visiting our blog and for reading my article. For a more detailed reading about Andres Bonifacio y De Castro, look for Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures, which are available in Fullybooked and in National Book Store. You will learn that it was only Bonifacio who was not given a proper burial among our national heroes.
Ma. Beatrice Camille Valencia Gaviola, posted this comment on Jul 5th, 2008
Sir, this article is truly an interesting one.
Had I not read this, I would have no idea about this controversy. I do not recall hearing about it, or maybe I just do not remember. Anyayw, I cannot believe that two powerful people of the same organization would have a disagreement as huge as that, that it would end up in one getting executed.
In my opinion, they both have faults in this situation. Bonifacio took back what he said about the vote of the majority being final, and Aguinaldo let someone else influence his decision.
I do agree with Jeb when she says that these things still happen up to now.
Ma. Beatrice Camille Valencia Gaviola, posted this comment on Jul 5th, 2008
Sir, sorry, I only noticed now that I misspelled the word “anyway” in my comment.
Dominique Josine Gonzalez Directo, posted this comment on Jul 7th, 2008
A truly interesting article on our history. I have heard the rumor that General Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the execution of Bonifacio and his brother. Power is really a motivating force for some people. It is a pity that Aguinaldo chose to antagonize an ally just to gain the upper hand in the Katipunan. The outcome might have been better if they just helped each other on their goals.
carl, posted this comment on Jul 14th, 2008
Some analytical historians like Alejo Villanueva claim that what happened at Tejeros, Cavite was actually a coup de etat to wrest power from Bonifacio by the bourgeois or upper class represented by Aguinaldo. (Aguinaldo and members of his class enjoyed more privilege status even before the revolution. They would not allow a victorious president Bonifacio ordering land and wealth distribution as his first decree.) Hence, the Tejeros Convention was a farce intended to lure Bonifacio to the Caviteño territory. The presidential election wasn’t a national election at all. Participation in the election primarily came from Caviteños. The other provinces in revolt, such as Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, and Batangas, were not participants. Bonifacio, who was too fueled with idealism, was too naive to understand maneuvering politicians. Had Bonifacio been able to get back to Manila he could have charged Aguinaldo and other Caviteño officers with treason and Philippine history would have taken a very different track. Bonifacio was not allowed to get out of Cavite. He was summarily tried then executed promptly at a mountain in Maragondon, Cavite for treason.
Eugene Shinn, posted this comment on Aug 8th, 2008
Well Written Article,sir maybe next time you can write about another Aguinaldo “victim” Gen Antonio Luna and the reasons behind his death which was in a way similar to bonifacio’s as they were both killed by fellow filipinos and both execution was ordered by Aguinaldo.
AntiBeast, posted this comment on Sep 14th, 2008
Carefully written and well-researched article. Contrary to popular opinion, it is Emilio Aguinaldo who should be considered the National Hero of both the Katipunan Revolution of 1896 and the Philippine Revolution of 1898 instead of Jose Rizal or Andres Bonifacio. Here’s why:
From your article, Andres Bonifacio acted like a pathetic loser who could not accept his electoral defeat in the Tejeros Convention. His own men, the Magdiwangs did not want to elect him as the President or Vice-President and chose instead to elect Emilio Aguinaldo, a Magdalo, as the President of the Revolutionary Government. When he felt insulted, he even drew a gun and then left to form a counter-revolutionary army and government.
As Head of a Military Dictatorship in a time of war, Aguinaldo had every reason to order the execution of Bonifacio whose actions were not only divisive but treasonous as well. It was Aguinaldo whose military prowess was proven in the early battles against the Spaniards in Cavite. That’s why he rose quickly through the ranks. In contrast, Bonifacio’s first battle on August 30, 1896 against the Spaniards in Mandaluyong led to the deaths of 150 and the capture of another 200 (out of 800) Katipuneros.
Despite his idealism, Andres Bonifacio was largely ineffective as either a political leader or military strategist.
As for Jose Rizal, he disowned the Katipunan Revolution of 1896 as it broke out and sided with the Spaniards by accepting his commission as a medical doctor in the Spanish Army in Cuba. Such an act in times of war is called TREASON.
max vril, posted this comment on Sep 16th, 2008
to you abeast,
it was not true that men of bonifacio voted for aguinald;there was ballot switching that it appeared as though aguinaldo won landslide.if not due ballot switching bonifacio was the president.
ericrizal, posted this comment on Sep 18th, 2008
To you BEAST: Better get hold of facts before you say that Dr. Jose Rizal committed treason and that Gat. Andres Bonifacio was largely an ineffective leader.
cavite boy, posted this comment on Sep 27th, 2008
to max vril:
what ballot switching? it is beacause the majority of magdiwangs are also caviteno and bonifacio is losing the war . . . take note, only few magdalos attend the convention . . . still ballot switching? ? ?
Anna, posted this comment on Oct 27th, 2008
Andres was so concern of our Country…..
kutonglupa, posted this comment on Oct 28th, 2008
Up to now this misconception of Emilio Aguinaldo being a hero is being savored by almost all true blooded cavitenyos. they blindly believe they have the hero’s blood in them, even though so much items and articles depicted Aguinaldo as a traitor and a makapili during the japanese occupation, even asking gen. McArthur to surrender to the japanese. there should be efforts by the phil govt to straigthen these distortions in phil history.
i’m not a fan of Bonifacio, really, but, i give him due respect.
multidifficulti, posted this comment on Nov 5th, 2008
http://multidifficulti.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/the-betrayal-of-the-katipunan-revolution-by-moro%e2%80%99s-and-marxists/ on my dutch blog.
Greetings from Multidifficulti
yob etivac , posted this comment on Nov 12th, 2008
kutonglupa, sang-ayon ako sa’yo! cavite boy, huwag mo pairalin ang redyonalismo. Bakit ba MAGDALO at hindi MAGDIWANG ang tawag sa grupong binuo ni Sen. Trillanes? Dahil ba siya ay kabitenyo? Taga-hanga ako ni emilio aguinaldo at si Andres bonifacio naman ang bayani ko!
Julian Makabayan, posted this comment on Nov 13th, 2008
Alam nyo b na 3 beses nag-resign c Aguinaldo bilang Presidente ngunit tinutulan ito ng Kongreso ng Malolos? Alam nyo b ang dahilan?
chinny, posted this comment on Nov 15th, 2008
…the information helps…a lot:D
****zychiniah****, posted this comment on Nov 16th, 2008
Andres Bonifacio is such a great hero!…
Rafza, posted this comment on Nov 16th, 2008
Andres started it all period, if not for him wala silang lahat!
paul, posted this comment on Nov 18th, 2008
sir please can you give me atleast 2 articles about controversial issued concerning Dr. Jose Rizal.
gerald salazar, posted this comment on Dec 3rd, 2008
paki lagyan naman ng picture1
Roland, posted this comment on Dec 6th, 2008
As a BSE History student, i can make this conclusion.What transpire between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo is a vivid proof of what kind of politics we have in our country.It is dirty and corrupt in nature.
Jesusa, posted this comment on Dec 10th, 2008
Antibeast, what a ridiculous post you got there. Andres Bonifacio was an organizational genius responsible for the nationwide formation of the Katipunan. It’s Aguinaldo who proved ineffective as a leader when he took the Americans as allies when they were in fact really planning to colonize the Philippines.
You’re obviously reading only what you want to see, or misleading others into minimizing the great contributions of Bonifacio to the fight for Philippine independence. Then again, you’re militant enough to denounce Rizal’s repudiation of the revolution. I suspect that you couldbe a descendant of either Aguinaldo, or of the infamous Daniel Tirona….
Roland, posted this comment on Dec 18th, 2008
AntiBeast, how pitiful that you consider a power greedy Aguinaldo as a hero! Yes Bonifacio never won a single war, but this was made possible because of Teodoro Patino’s treachery. Bonifacio’s plan should have been a success if the Katipunan was not revealed prematurely!
And how could you say such things to Rizal? He is not against the revolution per se but he was against an unprepaired battle!
junrezzz, posted this comment on Jan 1st, 2009
the betrayal of a hero. all i can say is that emilio aguinaldo was THE FIRST FILIPINO CRAB………..
Mae, posted this comment on Jan 2nd, 2009
I think this will be pretty good if you lay some Pics not about you but about those people like Emilo Aguinaldo and etc.
Alex, posted this comment on Jan 20th, 2009
Hi Alixander. I am doing a research paper on Aguinaldo.. If he is a murderer of hero. If it’s possible, can you help me? Thanks!
JUAN, posted this comment on Mar 6th, 2009
MALI dapat tagahanga ako at bayani ko si andres bonifacio, taksil sa bayan at gahaman sa kapangyarihan yang si aguinaldo
timo boll, posted this comment on Mar 18th, 2009
baguhin ang history books natin!..ipaalam sa mga kabataan ngayon ang tutoong nangyari sa Pilipinas nung taong 1896-1897, at di pa naman huli ang lahat..iniisip ko lang kung ano ang nangyari na sa angkan nina Bonifacio at Rizal..sa tingin ko yung angkan ni Aguinaldo ay nagkakamal pa ng yaman at ng mga lupain!! Kung may kasalanan naman si Emilio Aguinaldo, sigurado namimilipit na sya ngayon sa tabi ni Satanas..
joy, posted this comment on Mar 19th, 2009
bad si aguinaldo..basta
joy, posted this comment on Mar 19th, 2009
haha.. npkajugdemental ko.. sorry..
basta mabuhay si Bonifacio!!
jeano, posted this comment on Mar 20th, 2009
Aguinaldo ang ngpapatay ky Bonifacio..Siya rin utak sa pagpatay kay Antonio Luna…Namatay si Greg.del Pilar dahil sa kanya…Sumuko si mIguel Malvar, ang huling heneral na agenst American dahil din sa kanya…sinuhulan pa siya nang pira na para sana sa mga rebelde, ibinulsa lang niya ang 400,000..naki alyado pa siya sa mga hapon during japanese invasion…at many to mention ung mga kabulastugan niya…hay naku kayu nalang humusga….di ako galit kay miyong peru yan ang totoo…
marga1gab@yahoo.com, posted this comment on Jun 12th, 2009
very nice article…..hope this can be lectured in all history classes…..it’s very informative…mabuhay ang lahat ng nakikibaka….
low_arq IGLPI, posted this comment on Jun 12th, 2009
Gat Andres Bonifacio = “Matapang na Pilipino”
Taga-Cavite man ako, ang agimat na dumadaloy sa dugo ko ay ang agimat ng katapangan ng Supremo.
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Alixander Haban Escote, posted this comment on Jun 10th, 2008
REFERENCES:
Agoncillo, Teodoro A and Milagros C Guerrero. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: R P Garcia Publishing Company, 1977.
De los Santos, Epifanio (1955). The Revolutionists: Aguinaldo, Bonifacio, and Jacinto. Edited by Teodoro A Agoncillo. Manila: National Historical Institute, 1993.
Dumol, Paul A and Ernesto D Grio. A History of the Filipino People for High Schools. First Edition. City of Makati: Sinag-Tala Publishers, Inc., 2002.
Medina, Isagani R. Heroes of the Revolution: Andres Bonifacio. Online. Internet. Available URL: http://www.bakbakan.com/heroes.html.
Paular Regino P and Carminda R Arevalo. Kalendaryong Pangkasaysayan 1521-1969. Manila: Ang Pambansang Suriang Pangkasaysayan, 1996.